Technological Environment

Technology refers to the application of knowledge , skill, ideas to the production or improvement of goods and services.

Indicators of Technological development
1.Trends in the Science & Technology expenditure
2.Total number of technical foreign collaborations
3.Assistance by financial institutions for technological development & up-gradation
4.Total value of foreign outward remittances towards foreign technology like royalties, technical fees etc.
5.Investment in R&D infrastructure

India’s R&D expenditure – 0.8 % of GDP - $ 3.2 Bn
80 % India’s R&D expenditure is made by Government

Science & Technology Policy – 2003

1.Advancing scientific temper in the society and integrating it with all national activity
2.Strengthening mechanisms relating to technology development , its evaluation & upgrading
3.Ensuring food , agricultural , nutritional , water and energy security
4.Providing autonomy to all academic and R&D institutions
5.Promoting empowerment of women to all science & technology activities
6.Accomplishing national strategy & security strategies using technological advancement.

India’s Tech. Environment
1.Poor infrastructure for R&D
2.Low govt. Expenditure
3.Inadequate incentives
4.Low remuneration
5.Weak IP protection
6.Competition from MNC

India’s R&D Institutions & programs
Indian Council for Scientific Research ( ICSR )
Department of Science & Technology ( DST )
Indian Council for Medical Research ( ICMR )
Indian space program
Indian power program
R&D by Industry

Research Labs:
BITS, Pilani – Material science , IT, Robotics, Biotech
IISc – Bangalore – Organic,Inorganic,Physical chemistry
IIT, Kanpur – CAD/CAM , Semi-conductor

Technology Transfer
It is the sale, licensing of all forms of industrial property except trade mark
Channel of Technology Flow:
Foreign Direct Investment in Green field investment
Purely Technical Collaborations
Technical –Cum – Financial collaborations
Agencies facilitating Technology flow are:
1. Foreign Investment promotion Board ( FIPB )
2. Foreign Investment promotion Council ( FIPC )
3. Investment promotion & Infrastructure Development Cell ( IP&ID)
4. Secretariat for Industrial Assistance ( SIA )
5. RBI

Based on the type of collaboration approval will be given by:
1.RBI’s Automatic Route
2.SIA / FIPB Route

Technology Transfer

Methods of Technology Transfer:
Training or employment of technical experts
Supply of components , machinery etc.
Licensing agreement
Design transfer
Turn-key project - Build , transfer as per MOU